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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

629
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
629

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Autoimmune encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis: A still undefined condition.

Susanna Esposito1, Giovanni Autore1, Alberto Argentiero1

  • 1Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.

Autoimmunity Reviews
|September 10, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Herpes simplex encephalitis can lead to a secondary autoimmune form, particularly in children. Early monitoring for neuronal antibodies like anti-NMDAR is crucial for identifying and treating autoimmune encephalitis after HSE.

Keywords:
Anti-NDMAR antbodiesAutoimmune encephalitisCentral nervous systemHerpes simplex encephalitisImmunosuppressive therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a common viral encephalitis, typically monophasic.
  • Some patients develop neurological relapses or worsening deficits weeks after initial HSE stabilization.
  • This secondary stage is recognized as autoimmune encephalitis after HSE (AEaHSE).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on autoimmune encephalitis after HSE (AEaHSE).
  • To discuss the characteristics, risk factors, and diagnostic implications of AEaHSE.

Main Methods:

  • Literature analysis of existing studies on HSE and AEaHSE.
  • Examination of clinical manifestations, age-related differences, and antibody profiles in AEaHSE patients.

Main Results:

  • AEaHSE is a recognized entity, more prevalent in younger children.
  • Patients with AEaHSE consistently test positive for neuronal cell-surface and synaptic antibodies, predominantly anti-NMDAR antibodies.
  • Earlier antibody appearance correlates with a higher risk of developing AEaHSE.

Conclusions:

  • Early monitoring for antibodies, especially anti-NMDAR, in HSE cases can facilitate early AEaHSE identification and treatment.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate pathogenetic mechanisms, antibody-specific risks, treatment variability, and the potential role of early steroid administration.