Emission of volatile sulphur compounds during swine manure composting: Source identification, odour mitigation and...

This study aimed to identify the sources of volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) and evaluate their mitigation by ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃) during swine manure composting. Four chemicals, including l-cysteine, l-methionine, sodium sulphite, and sodium sulphate, were further added to simulate organic and inorganic sulphur-containing substances in swine manure to track VSC sources during composting. Results show that sulphur simulants induced the emission of six common VSCs, including methyl sulphide (Me₂S), dimethyl sulphide (Me₂SS), carbonyl sulphide (COS), carbon disulphide (CS₂), methyl mercaptan (MeSH), and ethyl mercaptan (EtSH), during swine manure composting. Of them, COS, CS₂, MeSH and Me₂SS were predominantly contributed by the biodegradation of methionine and cysteine, while Me₂S and EtSH were dominated by the reduction of sulphite and sulphate. Further Fe₂O₃ addition at 1.5 % of total wet weight of composting materials immobilized elemental sulphur and inhibited sulphate reduction to reduce the emission of VSCs by 46.7-80.9 %. Furthermore, odour assessment indicated that adding Fe₂O₃ into composting piles significantly reduced the odour intensity level to below 4, the odour value of VSCs by 47.1-81.3 %, and thus the non-carcinogenic risk by 68.4 %.