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Semiconductors01:22

Semiconductors

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There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
Metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) have low resistivity and feature conduction bands that are either not fully occupied or overlap with the valence band, making a bandgap non-existent. This allows electrons in the highest energy levels of the valence band to easily transition to the conduction band upon gaining...
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Band Theory02:35

Band Theory

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When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
The energy difference between these bands is known as the band gap.
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Fermi Level Dynamics01:12

Fermi Level Dynamics

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The vacuum level denotes the energy threshold required for an electron to escape from a material surface. It is usually positioned above the conduction band of a semiconductor and acts as a benchmark for comparing electron energies within various materials.
Electron affinity in semiconductors refers to the energy gap between the minimum of its conduction band and the vacuum level and it is a critical parameter in determining how easily a semiconductor can accept additional electrons.
The work...
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Types of Semiconductors01:20

Types of Semiconductors

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Intrinsic semiconductors are highly pure materials with no impurities. At absolute zero, these semiconductors behave as perfect insulators because all the valence electrons are bound, and the conduction band is empty, disallowing electrical conduction. The Fermi level is a concept used to describe the probability of occupancy of energy levels by electrons at thermal equilibrium. In intrinsic semiconductors, the Fermi level is positioned at the midpoint of the energy gap at absolute zero. When...
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Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:24

Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

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The contact of metal and semiconductor can lead to the formation of a junction with either Schottky or Ohmic behavior.
Schottky Barriers
Schottky barriers arise when a metal with a work function (Φm) contacts a semiconductor with a different work function (Φs). Initially, electrons transfer until the Fermi levels of the metal and semiconductor align at equilibrium. For instance, if Φm > Φs, the semiconductor Fermi level is higher than the metal's before contact. The...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Two-dimensional spin-gapless semiconductors: A mini-review.

Jianhua Wang1, Dandan Wang1

  • 1School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.

Frontiers in Chemistry
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review highlights recent advances in two-dimensional spin-gapless semiconductors (SGSs), a new class of ferromagnetic materials. These 2D SGSs exhibit unique properties for next-generation spintronic devices.

Keywords:
Dirac pointnodal linespin transport propertiesspin-gapless materialstwo-dimensional material systems

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Two-dimensional (2D) materials and spintronic materials have seen rapid development.
  • 2D spin-gapless semiconductors (SGSs) are emerging ferromagnetic 2D spintronic materials.
  • SGSs offer potential for high Curie temperatures and 100% spin-polarization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review ideal 2D SGSs discovered in the last three years.
  • To discuss the magnetic, electronic, topological, and spin-transport properties of these materials.
  • To explore potential applications of 2D SGSs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on 2D SGSs.
  • Analysis of theoretical studies and material properties.
  • Synthesis of findings on magnetic, electronic, and spin-transport characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Identified several ideal 2D SGSs: oxalate-based MOFs, Fe2I2, Cr2X3, CrGa2Se4, Mn-cyanogen, MnNF, and Fe4N2.
  • Highlighted unique properties including high spin-polarization and topological signatures.
  • Discussed diverse structures like honeycomb kagome (HK) lattices and pentagons.

Conclusions:

  • 2D SGSs represent a promising frontier in spintronics.
  • Recent discoveries have expanded the landscape of these fascinating materials.
  • Further research promises enhanced understanding and novel applications.