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Related Concept Videos

The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Transplantation of Schwann Cells Inside PVDF-TrFE Conduits to Bridge Transected Rat Spinal Cord Stumps to Promote Axon Regeneration Across the Gap
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Transplantation of Schwann Cells Inside PVDF-TrFE Conduits to Bridge Transected Rat Spinal Cord Stumps to Promote Axon Regeneration Across the Gap

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Bioengineering the human spinal cord.

Nisha R Iyer1,2,3, Randolph S Ashton2,3

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|September 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human spinal cord organoids, derived from pluripotent stem cells, are advancing the study of neural development and disease. These models offer new insights into spinal cord organization and potential therapeutic strategies.

Keywords:
dorsoventral and rostrocaudal axesgenetic engineeringmicrofluicsmicropatteringorganoidsspinal cordstem cell differentiation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Three-dimensional organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are revolutionizing the study of human central nervous system (CNS) development and disease.
  • While brain organoids are well-established, hPSC-derived spinal cord models are emerging, necessitating an understanding of complex patterning mechanisms.
  • Rostrocaudal and dorsoventral patterning are critical for establishing axial diversity and specific neural phenotypes in the spinal cord.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in spinal organoid research driven by neurodevelopmental biology insights.
  • To explore how spinal organoids can deepen our understanding of neural circuit development, central pattern generation (CPG), and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • To discuss bioengineering strategies, current limitations, and future perspectives for spinal organoid models.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on spinal organoid development and neurodevelopmental biology.
  • Analysis of insights into rostrocaudal and dorsoventral patterning in spinal cord development.
  • Examination of bioengineering approaches applied to spinal tissue morphogenesis in vitro.

Main Results:

  • Spinal organoids are increasingly capable of recapitulating key aspects of spinal cord development and organization.
  • These models facilitate the study of complex interactions governing neural circuit formation and function.
  • Advancements enable investigation into the mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative conditions affecting the spinal cord.

Conclusions:

  • Spinal organoids represent a powerful emerging model system for studying the human spinal cord.
  • Further integration of bioengineering and developmental biology will enhance their utility.
  • These models hold significant potential for advancing our understanding of spinal cord function, evolution, and disease pathology.