Segmental sequencing of the upper body segments in unconstrained maximum overarm throws: An implication for coaching

Area of Science:

• Biomechanics
• Motor Skill Development
• Sports Science

Background:

• Overarm throwing is a fundamental movement skill (FMS) crucial for lifelong physical activity.
• Current coaching instructions for throwing technique lack scientific validation.
• Understanding the segmental sequencing for optimal ball release speed is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

• To identify critical upper-body sequencing features in skilled overarm throwing for maximum ball release speed.
• To provide scientific evidence for revising throwing coaching instructions.
• To develop a conceptual model of skilled throwing kinematics.

Main Methods:

• Analyzed three-dimensional kinematics of 144 overarm throws.
• Compared kinematic data between skilled and less skilled throwers based on normalized ball release speed.
• Utilized paired and independent t-tests to analyze temporal and spatial differences in segmental sequencing.

Main Results:

• Skilled throwers exhibited six characteristic segmental sequences, while less skilled throwers showed two.
• A single critical sequence was identified: non-throwing arm elbow extension preceding shoulder extension.
• Significant differences in timing and spatial coordination were observed between skilled and less skilled groups.

Conclusions:

• The study established evidence-based criteria for skilled overarm throwing technique.
• A critical sequence involving the non-throwing arm was identified as key for maximizing ball speed.
• Five recommendations for revising the Australian FMS manual were proposed based on scientific findings.