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On the Importance of Consistent Insonation Conditions During Hydrophone Calibration and Use.

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    Hydrophone calibration methods differ for short pulse and tone burst signals, especially below 400 kHz. Different calibration techniques can lead to significant variations in sensitivity, impacting underwater acoustics and ultrasound applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Acoustics
    • Metrology

    Background:

    • Hydrophone calibration typically uses short pulse or tone burst signals under free-field conditions.
    • Isolating direct waves from reflections is crucial for accurate calibration, but challenging with tone bursts below 400 kHz.
    • Discrepancies arise when calibration methods (short pulse vs. tone burst) do not match the hydrophone's intended application signal type.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the impact of different calibration methodologies (underwater acoustics tone burst vs. ultrasound short pulse) on hydrophone sensitivity.
    • To compare calibration results for needle-type hydrophones across a frequency range of 30 kHz to 1.6 MHz.
    • To determine if calibration method selection is critical based on the acoustic signal type used in the hydrophone's application.

    Main Methods:

    • Calibrated four needle-type hydrophones (1-4 mm active element diameter) using National Physical Laboratory (NPL) underwater acoustics (UWA) and ultrasound (US) established methods.
    • UWA calibration employed tone burst signals, while US calibration used short pulses.
    • Acoustic wave solver was used for theoretical investigation of observed phenomena.

    Main Results:

    • Significant variations in sensitivity were observed between UWA and US calibrations for 2- and 4-mm hydrophones, with up to 30% disagreement.
    • The 4-mm hydrophone showed resonant sensitivity structure between 100-450 kHz during UWA calibration, absent in US calibration.
    • Theoretical modeling confirmed the resonant sensitivity structure observed in UWA calibration.

    Conclusions:

    • The choice of hydrophone calibration method must consider the duration of acoustic signals in the intended application.
    • Discrepancies between tone burst and short pulse calibration methods can be significant, particularly for larger hydrophones.
    • Careful consideration of calibration methodology is essential for accurate hydrophone performance characterization across different acoustic fields.