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Related Concept Videos

Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
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When very thin cylindrical tubes, called capillaries, are dipped in a liquid, the liquid rises or falls in the tube compared to the surrounding liquid. This phenomenon is called capillary action. Capillary action occurs due to the combination of two opposing forces: the cohesive forces of the liquid, which cause it to stick to itself and form a rounded shape, and the adhesive forces between the liquid and the walls of the container, which cause the liquid to be attracted to the container walls.
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Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Impacts of Free-falling Spheres on a Deep Liquid Pool with Altered Fluid and Impactor Surface Conditions
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Three-Dimensional Sag Tracking in Falling Liquid Films.

Marola W Issa1, Hairou Yu1, Maria Chiara Roffin2

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|September 12, 2022
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces variable angle inspection microscopy (VAIM) to measure liquid thin film flow during solvent evaporation. VAIM accurately captures transient rheology and kinematics, aiding in the prevention of coating defects like sag.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Rheology

Background:

  • Coating defects, such as sag, often occur during the flash stage due to solvent evaporation.
  • Understanding transient rheology and kinematics is crucial for preventing these defects and ensuring desirable coating appearance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate a novel non-invasive technique, variable angle inspection microscopy (VAIM), for measuring transient rheology and kinematics of liquid thin films.
  • To demonstrate VAIM's capability in resolving flow fields and relating material properties to flow behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Developed variable angle inspection microscopy (VAIM), a non-invasive rheological technique measuring flow fields under gravitational stress.
  • Employed particle tracking velocimetry to infer flow kinematics of falling thin films.
  • Utilized complementary profilometer measurements for film thinning analysis.

Main Results:

  • VAIM successfully measured flow profiles and kinematics in liquid thin films (∼140 μm thick) at various incline angles (5° and 10°).
  • Particle tracking resolved sag flow fields in ∼10 μm thick cross sections with high reproducibility.
  • Model predictions of sag velocities, based on profilometer data, showed good agreement with VAIM measurements.

Conclusions:

  • Variable angle inspection microscopy (VAIM) is an effective and reproducible method for characterizing transient rheology and kinematics in liquid thin films.
  • The validated VAIM technique aids in understanding and preventing coating defects by relating material properties to flow behavior.