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Automatic Separation and Collection of Cancer-Related Substances from Clinical Samples
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Liquid biopsy: current technology and clinical applications.

Mina Nikanjam1, Shumei Kato2, Razelle Kurzrock3,4

  • 1Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, 1200 Garden View Road, Encinitas, CA, 92024, USA. mnikanjam@health.ucsd.edu.

Journal of Hematology & Oncology
|September 12, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Liquid biopsies, including cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and circulating tumor cells (CTCs), offer minimally invasive cancer molecular profiling for precision oncology. These advanced techniques aid in early detection, treatment response prediction, and monitoring disease progression.

Keywords:
CTCLiquid biopsyPrecision medicinecfDNActDNA

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Diagnostics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Liquid biopsies are revolutionizing cancer molecular profiling, enabling precision oncology.
  • Key components include circulating extracellular nucleic acids (cell-free DNA; cfDNA), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), and circulating tumor cells (CTCs).
  • These biomarkers can be isolated from blood and other body fluids for analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current technologies for liquid biopsy analysis.
  • To explore the diverse clinical applications of liquid biopsies in oncology.
  • To highlight the impact of liquid biopsies on precision medicine approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of ctDNA/cfDNA using techniques such as droplet digital PCR, BEAMing, TAm-Seq, CAPP-Seq, WGBS-Seq, WES, and WGS.
  • Isolation of CTCs via biomarker-based cell capture and enrichment based on biophysical properties.
  • Serial sampling of blood for real-time molecular information.

Main Results:

  • Liquid biopsies are used to predict response to targeted therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy (including CAR-T cells).
  • Applications include assessing tumor burden, prognosis, actionable alterations, and early cancer detection.
  • CTCs allow for functional assays and analysis of DNA, RNA, and proteins, including single-cell studies.

Conclusions:

  • Liquid biopsy is a powerful tool significantly advancing precision oncology from early diagnosis to managing metastatic disease.
  • Despite limitations like confounding factors (e.g., clonal hematopoiesis) and technical challenges, its non-invasive nature facilitates serial monitoring.
  • Future research directions include exploring non-blood biofluids and novel biomarkers like exosomes and methylation patterns.