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The typicality effect in basic needs.

Thomas Pölzler1, Ivar R Hannikainen2

  • 1Department of Philosophy, University of Graz, Attemsgasse 25/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.

Synthese
|September 13, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People perceive some basic needs as more typical than others, challenging the classical concept theory. This typicality effect suggests basic needs may have a non-classical mental representation.

Keywords:
Basic needsConceptual analysisExperimental philosophyPrototype theoryTypicality effect

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Conceptual Representation
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Classical theory posits concepts have necessary and sufficient conditions.
  • Empirical evidence shows typicality effects in concept perception.
  • The structure of the 'basic needs' concept remains underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the typicality effect for the concept of basic needs.
  • Determine if basic needs are represented classically or non-classically.
  • Provide empirical data on the mental representation of basic needs.

Main Methods:

  • Four empirical studies employing multiple operationalizations of typicality.
  • Free-listing tasks to assess recall and frequency.
  • Reaction time studies to measure classification speed.

Main Results:

  • Consistent evidence for a strong typicality effect in basic needs.
  • Typical basic needs were recalled more frequently and listed earlier.
  • Faster classification of typical basic needs and non-needs compared to atypical basic needs.

Conclusions:

  • The concept of basic needs likely possesses a non-classical structure (e.g., prototype or exemplar).
  • A simple, robust intensional analysis of basic needs may not be feasible.
  • Findings contribute to understanding conceptual structure and typicality effects.