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Related Concept Videos

Resistance and Conductance01:25

Resistance and Conductance

117
A conductor's DC resistance at a given temperature is influenced by its resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. Resistivity is an inherent property of the conductor material, with annealed copper serving as the international standard for measurement. For instance, the resistivity of hard-drawn aluminum at 20 degrees Celsius is 61% of the standard conductivity of annealed copper.
Various factors impact the resistance of a conductor. Spiraling in stranded conductors increases their...
117
Resistors In Parallel01:23

Resistors In Parallel

4.8K
Resistors are in parallel when one end of all the resistors are connected to a continuous wire of negligible resistance and the other end of all the resistors are also connected to one another through a continuous wire of negligible resistance. In the case of a parallel configuration, the potential drop across each resistor is the same. Current through each resistor can be found using Ohm’s law, I = V/R, where the voltage is constant across each resistor. The sum of the individual...
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Equivalent Resistance01:16

Equivalent Resistance

561
In circuit analysis, situations often arise where resistors are neither in series nor parallel configurations. To tackle such scenarios, three-terminal equivalent networks like the wye (Y) (Figure 1 (a)) or tee (T) and delta (Δ) (Figure 1 (b)) or pi (π) networks come into play. These networks offer versatile solutions and are frequently encountered in various applications, including three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks.
561
Resistivity01:22

Resistivity

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When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:
3.6K
Resistors In Series01:10

Resistors In Series

5.0K
A resistor is an ohmic device that limits the flow of charge in a circuit. Most circuits have more than one resistor. If several resistors are connected together and connected to a battery, the current supplied by the battery depends on the equivalent resistance of the circuit. The equivalent resistance of a combination of resistors depends on both their individual values and how they are connected. The simplest combination of resistors is the series combination. 
In a series circuit, the...
5.0K
Combination Of Resistors01:18

Combination Of Resistors

2.7K
Electrical devices in any circuit can be connected either by series or parallel connections. Additionally, circuits can be connected involving both of these connections, known as combination or complex circuits. As these circuits have complex resistor connections, it is necessary to identify different parts as either series or parallel connections, then the whole combination of series and parallel resistors can be reduced to a single equivalent resistance. With the known equivalent resistance...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 29, 2025

Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms
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Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms

Published on: December 9, 2015

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RESISTOR: A New OSPREY Module to Predict Resistance Mutations.

Nathan Guerin1, Teresa Kaserer2, Bruce R Donald1,3,4,5

  • 1Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.

Journal of Computational Biology : a Journal of Computational Molecular Cell Biology
|September 13, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Predicting drug resistance mutations computationally can speed up therapeutic design. The Resistor algorithm identifies escape mutations by analyzing resistance criteria and predicting resistance mechanisms, aiding in the development of more durable therapeutics.

Keywords:
OSPREYParetoRESISTORcancermutationresistance

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Area of Science:

  • Computational biology
  • Drug discovery
  • Protein engineering

Background:

  • Drug resistance mutations pose a significant challenge to therapeutic efficacy.
  • Accelerating the prediction of these mutations can improve drug design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the Resistor algorithm for predicting resistance-conferring escape mutations.
  • To demonstrate how Resistor aids in designing therapeutics with reduced susceptibility to resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the Resistor algorithm, which employs Pareto optimization.
  • Evaluating four resistance-conferring criteria: positive and negative design, mutational probability, and hotspot cardinality.
  • Assigning a Pareto rank to prospective mutants.
  • Predicting the mechanism of resistance (drug binding ablation, endogenous ligand binding enhancement, or combined).
  • Generating structural models of mutants.

Main Results:

  • The Resistor algorithm assigns a Pareto rank to prospective mutants based on resistance criteria.
  • It predicts the specific mechanism by which resistance mutations confer resistance.
  • Structural models of mutants are provided.

Conclusions:

  • The Resistor algorithm is a valuable tool for predicting escape mutations.
  • This computational approach can accelerate the design of therapeutics less prone to resistance.
  • Resistor is integrated into the open-source software OSPREY.