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Related Concept Videos

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form...
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Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

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The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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General Structure of a Vertebra01:30

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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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Introduction to the Skeletal System01:20

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The skeletal system is the central framework of the body, consisting of different connective tissues: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Components of the Skeletal System
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a hard connective tissue that forms an internal support structure for the human body. Bones shield vulnerable organs and soft tissue from external forces. For example, the vertebral bones protect and support the spinal cord.
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Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
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The Adolescent Spine.

Paolo Simoni1, Giulia Negro1, Marine Moeremans1

  • 1Department of Pediatric Imaging, Reine Fabiola Children's University Hospital, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.

Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology
|September 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a 3D spinal disorder in adolescents. Modern imaging aids diagnosis, assesses skeletal maturity, and monitors scoliosis progression, reducing radiation exposure.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Radiology
  • Pediatric Spine Disorders

Background:

  • Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a prevalent spinal deformity in adolescents.
  • It represents 90% of all idiopathic scolioses and is a three-dimensional (3D) disorder.
  • Accurate diagnosis and monitoring are crucial for managing AIS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of AIS pathophysiology, biomechanics, and clinical features.
  • To highlight the role of modern imaging in AIS diagnosis and follow-up.
  • To inform radiologists about current imaging techniques for AIS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on AIS and spinal imaging.
  • Discussion of 3D imaging techniques and their advantages.
  • Emphasis on imaging for assessing skeletal maturity and progression risk.

Main Results:

  • Modern imaging provides 3D assessment of scoliosis with reduced radiation.
  • Imaging is essential for ruling out other spinal conditions.
  • Imaging aids in predicting scoliosis progression based on skeletal maturity.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced imaging techniques are vital for comprehensive AIS management.
  • Radiologists play a key role in diagnosing and monitoring AIS.
  • Optimized imaging protocols improve patient outcomes in AIS.