Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in an Adult After Renal Transplantation

Solid organ transplant patients are at an increased risk of developing various types of malignancies including hematological ones. The mechanisms behind these malignant changes are multifactorial. These include immunosuppressive agents, pre-transplantation cancer recurrence in the recipient, and de novo cancer development. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a rare malignancy in renal transplant recipients. Here, we describe the case of an adult male patient who underwent renal transplantation for end-stage renal disease due to diabetes and hypertension. He developed high hyper-diploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia four months after transplantation. This case is unique due to the presence of the high hyper-diploid cytogenetics of the B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) occurrence in an adult renal transplant recipient.