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Related Concept Videos

GPCR Desensitization01:12

GPCR Desensitization

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G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling plays a crucial role in cell functioning. GPCR desensitization is an equally essential process. It allows cells to respond to changing environments and regain sensitivity to new stimuli while preventing unnecessary stimulation when no longer needed. Prolonged exposure to stimuli leads to GPCR desensitization. It involves blocking the receptors from binding and activating additional G proteins. This inhibits activation of downstream effectors, thereby...
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GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

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Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of...
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Cell Signaling Feedback Loops01:07

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Positive and negative feedback loops are crucial for regulating biological signaling systems. These feedback loops are processes that connect output signals to their inputs.
Negative feedback loops
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G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory...
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G Protein-coupled Receptors01:15

G Protein-coupled Receptors

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G Protein-Coupled Receptors or GPCRs are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to sensory stimuli such as light, odors, hormones, cytokines, or neurotransmitters.
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G-protein Coupled Receptors01:21

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G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 28, 2025

A Kinetic Fluorescence-based Ca2+ Mobilization Assay to Identify G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators
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A negative feedback loop in the GPCR pathway underlies efficient coding of external stimuli.

Rotem Ruach1, Shai Yellinek1, Eyal Itskovits1

  • 1Department of Genetics, Silberman Institute of Life Science, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.

Molecular Systems Biology
|September 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A negative feedback mechanism in sensory neurons allows Caenorhabditis elegans to efficiently navigate complex chemical signals. This involves TAX-6/Calcineurin regulating G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling for precise adaptation.

Keywords:
GPCR signalingcalcineurin/TAX-6calcium imagingnegative feedbackpulsatile response

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Animals rely on chemical cues for navigation, often encountering complex signals with varying intensities.
  • Sensory neurons must accurately interpret these signals for effective navigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how a single sensory neuron in Caenorhabditis elegans encodes complex chemical stimulus patterns.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying this neural encoding process.

Main Methods:

  • Studied the encoding of complex stimulus patterns by single sensory neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans.
  • Investigated the role of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway and TAX-6/Calcineurin.
  • Utilized a mathematical model to analyze neural dynamics in wild-type and mutant animals.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated cell-autonomous encoding of sharp and gradient chemical stimuli by a single neuron.
  • Identified a negative feedback mechanism in the GPCR pathway involving TAX-6/Calcineurin.
  • Showcased exact adaptation and adaptation to gradient derivatives, crucial for navigation.

Conclusions:

  • A simple negative feedback loop mediated by TAX-6/Calcineurin enables efficient coding of complex chemical signals.
  • This mechanism allows for precise adaptation to stimulus changes, supporting navigation.
  • The findings suggest a generalizable solution for cell-autonomous stimulus coding in sensory neurons.