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Codiversification of gut microbiota with humans.

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Human gut microbes share core species globally, but specific strains show population differences. A study of 1225 individuals found evidence of shared evolutionary history (codiversification) between humans and their gut microbes, impacting disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Human Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Human gut microbiomes contain core microbial species globally.
  • However, specific microbial strains exhibit population-specific characteristics.
  • The evolutionary origins of these strain-specific differences are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether population-specific gut microbial strains in humans arise from codiversification with their hosts.
  • To explore the evolutionary adaptations of microbial species that show strong codiversification.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of paired gut metagenomes and human genomes from 1225 individuals across Europe, Asia, and Africa.
  • Inclusion of mother-child pairs to assess transmission and co-evolutionary patterns.
  • Comparative genomic analysis to identify traits associated with host dependency.

Main Results:

  • Evidence of parallel evolutionary histories between humans and their gut microbes was observed across different countries and within families.
  • Microbial species with the strongest codiversification showed independent evolution of host-dependent traits.
  • These traits included reduced genome size and increased sensitivity to oxygen and temperature.

Conclusions:

  • The findings support the concept of codiversification between human populations and their gut microbiota.
  • Population-specific microbial strains may have evolved under host dependency.
  • Understanding these co-evolved microbial strains is crucial for investigating microbiome-mediated disease phenotypes.