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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Retinal Pathophysiological Evaluation in a Rat Model
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The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying diabetic retinopathy.

Lindan Wei1, Xin Sun2, Chenxi Fan1

  • 1Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|September 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common diabetes complication, involves multiple factors beyond microvascular changes. Understanding these mechanisms, including oxidative stress and inflammation, is key for developing new treatments.

Keywords:
diabetic retinopathygut microbiotainflammationneovascularizationneurodegenerationneurovascular unitoxidative stress

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients.
  • The precise pathogenesis of DR is complex and not fully understood, involving multiple contributing factors.
  • DR is characterized by progressive retinal damage, potentially leading to severe visual impairment or blindness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiological changes associated with diabetic retinopathy.
  • To discuss the multifactorial development of DR, encompassing oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurodegeneration.
  • To provide a theoretical basis for novel therapeutic strategies for DR.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pathophysiological changes in diabetic retinopathy.
  • Analysis of contributing factors including oxidative stress, inflammation, neovascularization, neurodegeneration, the neurovascular unit, and gut microbiota.
  • Synthesis of current understanding of DR development.

Main Results:

  • DR pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of multiple mechanisms, not solely microvascular disease.
  • Key factors contributing to DR include oxidative stress, inflammation, neovascularization, neurodegeneration, and alterations in the neurovascular unit and gut microbiota.
  • These factors collectively lead to varying degrees of retinal damage in DR patients.

Conclusions:

  • Diabetic retinopathy is a multifactorial disease requiring a comprehensive understanding of its pathogenesis.
  • Targeting multiple pathways, such as oxidative stress and inflammation, may offer new avenues for DR treatment.
  • Further research into the neurovascular unit and gut microbiota's role in DR is warranted for therapeutic advancements.