Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Beck's Cognitive Therapy01:25

Beck's Cognitive Therapy

101
Cognitive therapy is a psychological approach designed to address distortions in thinking, which can lead to negative emotions and unrealistic beliefs. These cognitive distortions often influence how individuals interpret and respond to situations, exacerbating emotional distress. Below are some prevalent cognitive distortions, their characteristics, and examples of how they manifest in thought processes.
Arbitrary Inference
Arbitrary inference involves making conclusions without sufficient...
101
Depressive Disorders: Etiology01:27

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

155
Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
Biological Factors in Depression
Biological predispositions significantly influence the risk of developing depressive disorders. Genetic studies highlight the role of variations in the serotonin transporter...
155
Depression: Overview01:18

Depression: Overview

326
Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...
326
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy01:24

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy

100
Cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBTs) are grounded in the belief that our thoughts profoundly influence our emotions and actions. Advocates of CBT emphasize three core assumptions: first, that cognitions are identifiable and measurable; second, that they are central to psychological functioning; and third, that irrational or maladaptive beliefs can be replaced with rational and adaptive ones. This transformative approach to therapy has paved the way for specific models such as Albert...
100
Reason and Intuition01:37

Reason and Intuition

6.6K
The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
6.6K
Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition01:24

Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition

90
A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...
90

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Distinguishing Chronic and Non-Chronic Depression: A Clinical Profile and Symptom Networks Approach.

Psychotherapy and psychosomatics·2026
Same author

Causal attributions shape the formation of novel ability self-beliefs.

Communications psychology·2026
Same author

The relationship between psychopathology and neurocognitive functioning in affective and psychotic disorders: A multimodal Bayesian network analysis.

Journal of affective disorders·2026
Same author

From Expectation to Learning: A Mediational Model of Exposure Therapy Outcome in Anxiety Disorders.

Psychotherapy and psychosomatics·2026
Same author

No distorted prediction error processing in depression? Pupillary responses to expected vs. unexpected emotional information in clinically depressed and healthy individuals.

Behaviour research and therapy·2026
Same author

Effects of likelihood framing on side effect expectations and nocebo side effects: Results from three experimental studies with a placebo analgesic cream.

British journal of health psychology·2026
Same journal

Efficacy of Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation in Alzheimer's Disease: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses.

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews·2026
Same journal

Rhythms of interaction - the timescales of social coordination and why they matter.

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews·2026
Same journal

Neural Bases of Memory Development: Insights from Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews·2026
Same journal

Regional Heterogeneity of Brain Insulin Resistance: From Molecular Pathways to Neural Circuits.

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews·2026
Same journal

Peripheral nervous system involvement in Parkinson's disease: Peripheral neuropathy, neuromuscular junction dysfunction, and clinical implications.

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews·2026
Same journal

Violence on the self: Exploring the intersection of trauma and identity among sexual and gender minorities from a neurobiological and developmental perspective to advance our understanding of PTSD, moral injury, and dissociation symptoms.

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression
08:42

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Published on: May 19, 2015

10.8K

Oversampled and undersolved: Depressive rumination from an active inference perspective.

Max Berg1, Matthias Feldmann2, Lukas Kirchner1

  • 1Philipps-University of Marburg, Dept. of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Gutenbergstraße 18, D-35032 Marburg, Germany.

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
|September 18, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rumination in depression involves repetitive, unsuccessful problem-solving attempts. This cognitive loop, driven by active inference, fails to resolve uncertainty, leading to negative outcomes like learned helplessness.

Keywords:
Active inferenceBayesian samplingDepressionMental simulationProblem-solvingRumination

More Related Videos

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

5.8K
A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats
07:57

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Published on: February 22, 2018

21.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression
08:42

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Published on: May 19, 2015

10.8K
The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
05:48

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients

Published on: June 12, 2020

5.8K
A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats
07:57

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Published on: February 22, 2018

21.1K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Computational Psychiatry

Background:

  • Rumination is a key cognitive feature of depression.
  • Existing research struggles to explain why rumination persists despite negative mood and lack of problem-solving.
  • A new conceptualization is needed to understand this cognitive deviation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel framework for understanding rumination.
  • To reframe rumination as unsuccessful problem-solving within an active inference account.
  • To explore the neurophysiological and clinical implications of this framework.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual review and theoretical modeling based on active inference principles.
  • Analysis of the generative and evaluative processes in problem-solving.
  • Examination of how initial states influence policy selection and uncertainty resolution.

Main Results:

  • Rumination is characterized by excessive, unsuccessful sampling of policy candidates that fail to reduce uncertainty.
  • Problem-solving is distorted when initial states (e.g., depression) bias policy selection.
  • This process can lead to a 'halting problem' with high opportunity costs and diminished behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Rumination can be understood as a failure of active inference in problem-solving, particularly when initiated in negative affective states.
  • The proposed model offers neurophysiological correlates and suggests new clinical intervention targets.
  • Understanding rumination as unsuccessful policy optimization may illuminate its persistence and impact in depression.