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Related Concept Videos

Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
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When does hepatitis B virus meet long-stranded noncoding RNAs?

Bingxin Lei1,2, Hongxiao Song1, Fengchao Xu1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Department of Immunology, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|September 19, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial regulators in Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. This review highlights lncRNAs as potential therapeutic targets for controlling HBV and its associated liver diseases.

Keywords:
HBVIFN-stimulated genesinterferonlncRNApathogen-associated molecular pattern

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Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection poses significant global health challenges.
  • Effective antiviral immune responses are complex, often hindered by viral immune evasion and tolerance.
  • Complete HBV clearance remains a clinical and research hurdle despite understanding major antiviral pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of long-noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in regulating pathways associated with HBV infection.
  • To identify lncRNAs as potential therapeutic targets for HBV and related liver pathologies.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which interferon-stimulated lncRNAs modulate HBV infection.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on HBV infection, innate immunity, and lncRNAs.
  • Analysis of interferon-stimulated genes and their regulatory functions.
  • Characterization of lncRNA targets in HBV-related pathways.

Main Results:

  • Interferon-stimulated lncRNAs are integral to innate antiviral responses against HBV.
  • lncRNAs modulate pathways involved in chronic HBV infection, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • Specific lncRNA targets offer new avenues for therapeutic intervention.

Conclusions:

  • lncRNAs represent a critical layer of regulation in HBV pathogenesis.
  • Targeting lncRNAs holds promise for novel therapeutic strategies against HBV infection and its complications.
  • Further research into lncRNA mechanisms can advance the control of HBV-related liver diseases.