Biomarkers and Predictors of Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Different Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease

Area of Science:

• Nephrology
• Cardiology
• Biomarker Research

Background:

• Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality, particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD).
• CKD patients face an elevated risk of adverse cardiovascular (CV) outcomes due to traditional and non-traditional risk factors.
• Understanding these risk factors is crucial, especially in early CKD stages (creatinine clearance < 60 ml/min/1.73 m²), for effective prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and confirm the association between established CKD and CVD risk factors.
• To investigate newer, less-examined biomarkers as predictors of CV events in renal patients.
• To highlight the importance of early detection and intervention in CKD-related CVD.

Main Methods:

• Literature review focusing on clinical and biohumoral predictors of CV outcomes in CKD.
• Analysis of studies examining biomarkers related to inflammation, oxidative stress, acute kidney injury, and microRNAs.
• Synthesis of evidence linking these biomarkers to the occurrence of CV events.

Main Results:

• Biomarkers of inflammation (e.g., Interleukin-18), oxidative stress (e.g., ischemia-modified albumin), and acute kidney injury (e.g., kidney injury molecule-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) are implicated in adverse CV outcomes.
• Specific microRNAs (e.g., microRNA-133a) are also explored as potential predictors.
• The review aims to consolidate findings on these newer biomarkers in the context of CKD and CVD.

Conclusions:

• Novel biomarkers offer potential for improved risk stratification in CKD patients.
• Early identification of individuals at high CV risk is possible through assessment of these biomarkers.
• Further research is warranted to validate these biomarkers for clinical application in managing CKD and preventing CVD.