Single-cell multi-modal GAN reveals spatial patterns in single-cell data from triple-negative breast cancer

Exciting advances in technologies to measure biological systems are currently at the forefront of research. The ability to gather data along an increasing number of omic dimensions has created a need for tools to analyze all of this information together, rather than siloing each technology into separate analysis pipelines. To advance this goal, we introduce a framework called the single-cell multi-modal generative adversarial network (scMMGAN) that integrates data from multiple modalities into a unified representation in the ambient data space for downstream analysis using a combination of adversarial learning and data geometry techniques. The framework's key improvement is an additional diffusion geometry loss with a new kernel that constrains the otherwise over-parameterized GAN. We demonstrate scMMGAN's ability to produce more meaningful alignments than alternative methods on a wide variety of data modalities and that its output can be used to draw conclusions from real-world biological experimental data.