Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

486
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
486
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

285
Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
285
Language Development01:22

Language Development

437
Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
437
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

188
E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
188
Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning01:15

Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning

704
Classical conditioning not only includes the initial pairing of stimuli but also extends to more complex forms, such as higher-order conditioning. Higher-order conditioning involves creating associations beyond the primary conditioned stimulus, resulting in a chain of conditioned responses.
Higher-order, or second-order, conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an already established conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings. For instance, if a dog has been...
704
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

538
Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
538

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Efficient question-asking in early childhood: Evidence of near-optimal sequential binary search in 5- to 7-year-olds.

Developmental psychology·2026
Same author

Self-Help Plus for refugee mothers in Rhino Refugee Settlement, Uganda (SEED): study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial assessing intergenerational effects on preschool-aged children.

Trials·2026
Same author

Urbanization and Child Development: Investigating Socioeconomic, Structural, and Environmental Influences on Cognitive Development.

Developmental science·2025
Same author

Holistic and Analytic Attention in Infancy: A Cross-Cultural Study in Sweden and Zimbabwe.

Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies·2025
Same author

Combining mental health and climate-smart agricultural interventions to improve food security in humanitarian settings: study protocol for the THRIVE cluster-randomized controlled trial with mothers in Nakivale refugee settlement, Uganda.

Trials·2025
Same author

Social connectedness without eye contact: 18- but not 9-month-olds use proximal touch to infer third-party joint attention during observational learning.

Developmental psychology·2025
Same journal

Early and Chronic Postnatal Depression, Maternal Sensitivity to Non-Distress and Infant Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in an Indian Birth Cohort.

Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies·2026
Same journal

Infants Anticipate the Timing of Sounds From Dynamic Collision Events.

Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies·2026
Same journal

Dips in Development: Learning to Walk Temporarily Disrupts Infant Vocalization.

Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies·2026
Same journal

Infants' Multimodal Requests and Protests Elicit Responses From Mothers During Everyday Home Activities.

Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies·2026
Same journal

Melody and Lyrics Are Integrated by Late Infancy During Recognition of Music Learned at Home.

Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies·2026
Same journal

Joint Attention in Late Preterm Infants: Developmental Trajectory and Contribution of Maternal Interaction.

Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task
11:18

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task

Published on: June 1, 2015

10.7K

Learning limb-specific contingencies in early infancy.

Umay Sen1, Gustaf Gredebäck1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.

Infancy : the Official Journal of the International Society on Infant Studies
|September 20, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Infants can learn to move limbs for feedback but cannot yet differentiate which limb causes the effect. This response differentiation ability develops later than previously thought, challenging early infant motor development assumptions.

More Related Videos

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms
07:31

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Published on: February 8, 2019

6.6K
Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization
05:35

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

Published on: April 19, 2017

6.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task
11:18

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task

Published on: June 1, 2015

10.7K
Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms
07:31

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

Published on: February 8, 2019

6.6K
Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization
05:35

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

Published on: April 19, 2017

6.8K

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Infant Motor Development
  • Sensorimotor Learning

Background:

  • The mobile paradigm traditionally assumes infants can selectively move limbs for contingent feedback.
  • Previous research suggested early development of response differentiation ability in infants.
  • This assumption is challenged by findings indicating limited motor control differentiation in early life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the emergence of response differentiation ability in infants before 5 months of age.
  • To re-evaluate the traditional mobile paradigm using advanced research methods.
  • To determine if infants can selectively control limb movements for specific environmental feedback.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a contemporary research approach with high-precision motion capture techniques.
  • Employed a yoked-control design with a large sample size (76 infants, 115-159 days old).
  • Analyzed infant leg movements in response to mobile feedback to assess sensorimotor contingency learning.

Main Results:

  • Infants demonstrated learning of sensorimotor contingencies by increasing overall leg movement.
  • Infants did not show differential leg movement, failing to selectively increase the limb causing environmental effects.
  • The ability to differentiate limb movements for specific feedback is not present before 5 months of age.

Conclusions:

  • Response differentiation ability in infants emerges later than previously suggested.
  • Early assumptions about infant motor control in the mobile paradigm require revision.
  • Infant sensorimotor learning occurs, but selective limb control for environmental interaction develops gradually.