Two-way coupling and Kolmogorov scales on inhaler spray plume evolutions from Ventolin, ProAir, and Qvar

Previous numerical studies of pulmonary drug delivery using metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) often neglected the momentum transfer from droplets to fluid. However, Kolmogorov length scales in MDI flows can be comparable to the droplet sizes in the orifice vicinity, and their interactions can modify the spray behaviors. This study aimed to evaluate the two-way coupling effects on spray plume evolutions compared to one-way coupling. The influences from the mass loading, droplet size, and inhaler type were also examined. Large-eddy simulation and Lagrangian approach were used to simulate the flow and droplet motions. Two-way coupled predictions appeared to provide significantly improved predictions of the aerosol behaviors close to the Ventolin orifice than one-way coupling. Increasing the applied MDI dose mass altered both the fluid and aerosol dynamics, notably bending the spray plume downward when applying a dose ten times larger. The droplet size played a key role in spray dynamics, with the plume being suppressed for 2-µm aerosols and enhanced for 20-µm aerosols. The Kolmogorov length scale ratio dp/η correlated well with the observed difference in spray plumes, with suppressed plumes when dp/η < 0.1 and enhanced plumes when dp/η > 0.1. For the three inhalers considered (Ventolin, ProAir, and Qvar), significant differences were predicted using two-way and one-way coupling despite the level and manifestation of these differences varied. Two-way coupling effects were significant for MDI sprays and should be considered in future numerical studies.