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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Disorders of Erythrocytes01:27

Disorders of Erythrocytes

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Disorders of erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), include a range of conditions affecting their number, shape, or function.
Erythrocyte disorders can be broadly categorized into two main types: anemic and polycythemic conditions.
A low oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to the loss, lower production, or destruction of erythrocytes is termed anemia. Hemorrhagic anemia, for example, occurs when bleeding from an external wound or internal ulcer reduces erythrocyte counts.
On the other...
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Blood Typing01:10

Blood Typing

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Understanding an individual's blood group is a critical component of transfusion medicine. It ensures compatibility in blood transfusions, organ transplants, and even during pregnancy. Determining these blood groups involves the ABO and Rh blood typing systems, utilizing specific antigens and corresponding anti-sera to identify an individual's blood type.
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Rh Blood Group01:19

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The Rhesus (Rh) antigen is crucial in determining blood groups and ensuring compatibility during blood transfusions.
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Blood Transfusion and Agglutination02:45

Blood Transfusion and Agglutination

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Blood transfusion is a therapeutic measure to restore the blood volume after extensive blood loss due to an accident or a medical procedure. Blood transfusion involves drawing a certain amount of blood from a suitable donor and infusing it into the recipient.
History
The history of blood transfusion dates back to the 17th century, when early attempts were made in animals. In 1818 James Blundell, a British doctor, performed the first successful human blood transfusion. Later in 1900, Karl...
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The ABO Blood Group01:12

The ABO Blood Group

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The ABO blood group system is a critical element of transfusion medicine, essential for determining blood compatibility in transfusions and organ transplants. It is based on specific antigens, or agglutinogens, present on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) and corresponding antibodies, or agglutinins, in the blood plasma.
Antigens in the ABO Blood Group System
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Related Experiment Video

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Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells
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[Autoimmune haemolytic anemias].

Sabine Ehrlich, Christian Wichmann, Karsten Spiekermann

    Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
    |September 20, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) involves immune-mediated red blood cell destruction. Diagnosis and treatment vary between warm AIHA (IgG antibodies) and cold AIHA (IgM antibodies), requiring specialized hematologist care.

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    Area of Science:

    • Hematology
    • Immunology
    • Internal Medicine

    Background:

    • Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking red blood cells.
    • This leads to premature red blood cell destruction, primarily in the spleen or liver.
    • AIHA encompasses diverse conditions with distinct pathophysiology and treatment strategies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To differentiate between warm AIHA and cold AIHA based on their unique mechanisms.
    • To outline the diagnostic approaches for identifying AIHA.
    • To summarize current treatment modalities for both warm and cold AIHA.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of hemolytic markers (lactate dehydrogenase, haptoglobin, unconjugated bilirubin).
    • Hemoglobin and reticulocyte counts.
    • Blood smear examination and direct antiglobulin testing.

    Main Results:

    • Warm AIHA involves IgG autoantibodies targeting erythrocytes at body temperature, leading to splenic destruction.
    • Cold AIHA involves IgM autoantibodies causing agglutination and complement activation, with hepatic destruction of erythrocytes.
    • Symptoms in cold AIHA are often exacerbated by cold exposure due to IgM antibody behavior.

    Conclusions:

    • AIHA diagnosis and management are complex, necessitating consultation with a hematologist.
    • Warm AIHA is typically treated with steroids to inhibit macrophage-mediated destruction.
    • Cold AIHA management includes cold avoidance, immunosuppressants, and complement inhibitors.