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Related Concept Videos

Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia01:30

Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

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Negative symptoms of schizophrenia indicate a reduction or absence of typical behaviors and emotional responses found in healthy individuals, while positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning.
Negative Symptoms
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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions01:30

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions

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Schizophrenia is a complex mental health disorder that can manifest with various positive symptoms, including thought, movement, and behavior disorders. These symptoms significantly disrupt cognitive and motor functions, leading to profound effects on an individual's ability to engage with the world.
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Dementia01:30

Dementia

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Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
The progression of dementia is generally gradual....
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Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Evaluation of the Cognitive Performance of Hypertensive Patients with Silent Cerebrovascular Lesions
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Cognitive dysfunction in SLE: An understudied clinical manifestation.

Mark Mizrachi1, Erik Anderson2, Kaitlin R Carroll2

  • 1Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, USA.

Journal of Autoimmunity
|September 20, 2022
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Neuropsychiatric lupus causes cognitive dysfunction due to blood-brain barrier issues and microglial activation. New research offers hope for understanding and treating this common, underdiagnosed SLE complication.

Keywords:
AntibodiesBlood brain barrierBrain imagingNeuropsychiatric lupus

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) is a common and severe complication of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).
  • Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is a frequent, yet often overlooked and undertreated, manifestation of NPSLE.
  • Pathogenesis of CD in NPSLE has historically been challenging to elucidate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding the mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in NPSLE.
  • To highlight the role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and microglial activation in NPSLE-related CD.
  • To discuss potential therapeutic strategies and clinical trial opportunities for CD in NPSLE.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on NPSLE and cognitive dysfunction.
  • Analysis of findings from novel imaging modalities.
  • Examination of data from various mouse models of NPSLE.

Main Results:

  • Impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB) function is a key factor in NPSLE-induced neuronal injury.
  • Microglial activation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of cognitive dysfunction.
  • Recent research has significantly improved understanding of CD mechanisms in NPSLE.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive dysfunction in NPSLE is linked to BBB breakdown and neuroinflammation.
  • Emerging insights pave the way for targeted therapies and clinical investigations for NPSLE-related CD.
  • A patient-centric approach has accelerated progress in understanding and managing this debilitating condition.