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Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Commitment is the  process whereby stem cells:
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Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

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The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization
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Three-dimensional genome organization in immune cell fate and function.

Sergi Cuartero1,2, Grégoire Stik3,4, Ralph Stadhouders5,6

  • 1Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Spain. scuartero@carrerasresearch.org.

Nature Reviews. Immunology
|September 20, 2022
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Summary

Three-dimensional (3D) genome organization controls gene activity essential for immune cell function. Disruptions in this organization can lead to immune disorders and cancer.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Immune cell development and activation rely on tightly regulated gene expression.
  • Three-dimensional (3D) genome organization influences chromatin state and gene activity.
  • Genome folding facilitates cell-type and stimulus-specific gene regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the role of 3D genome organization in immune cell control.
  • To discuss the implications of altered genome folding in immune dysfunction and malignancy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies connecting 3D genome organization to immune cell function.
  • Analysis of mechanisms by which genome folding regulates transcriptional responses.

Main Results:

  • 3D genome organization is a key regulator of immune cell differentiation and function.
  • Specific genomic interactions mediated by chromatin folding control immune responses.
  • Altered genome folding is linked to immune system disorders.

Conclusions:

  • 3D genome organization is critical for proper immune cell function.
  • Dysregulation of genome folding can contribute to immune dysfunction and cancer development.