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Related Concept Videos

Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction01:22

Acute Kidney Injury I: Introduction

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Introduction:Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) describes a swift decrease in kidney function occurring over hours to days, characterized by the kidneys' failure to remove waste products from the bloodstream. This leads to dangerous complications like metabolic acidosis, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalances, such as hyperkalemia, which can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. AKI is common in both hospital and outpatient settings, often triggered by dehydration, sepsis, or exposure to nephrotoxic...
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Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology01:29

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...
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Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention01:30

Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention

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Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
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Acute Kidney Injury III: Clinical Manifestations01:29

Acute Kidney Injury III: Clinical Manifestations

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Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) progresses through distinct clinical phases: the oliguric, diuretic, and recovery phases, each marked by unique manifestations and challenges.Oliguric Phase:The oliguric phase is the initial stage of AKI, typically lasting 10 to 14 days. This phase is marked by a significant reduction in urine output, usually less than 400 mL per day, indicating decreased kidney function. Fluid retention is a prominent feature, leading to symptoms such as edema, hypertension, and...
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Acute Kidney Injury V: Interprofessional Care01:20

Acute Kidney Injury V: Interprofessional Care

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Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) requires a collaborative healthcare approach to restore renal function and prevent complications. Essential management strategies involve monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance, adjusting medications, initiating dialysis when necessary, and providing nutritional support.Fluid and Electrolyte ManagementFluid Monitoring: Regularly monitoring body weight, central venous pressure, and urine output helps detect fluid imbalances early. Patient intake and output are...
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External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

External Anatomy of the Kidney

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The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...
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Infectious exanthemas in clinical practice.

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ACUTE KIDNEY DAMAGE AS A COMPLICATION OF MALARIA CAUSED BY PL. MALARIA AND PL. FALCIPARUM: CLINICAL CASES.

Vadym A Bodnar1, Tetiana M Kotelevska1, Tetiana I Koval1

  • 1POLTAVA STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, POLTAVA, UKRAINE.

Wiadomosci Lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960)
|September 21, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Severe malaria from Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malaria can cause acute kidney injury and hemolytic anemia. Pathogenesis differs, with Plasmodium falciparum linked to tubular necrosis and Plasmodium malaria to immune-mediated damage.

Keywords:
acute renal failurehemolytic anemiamalaria

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Nephrology
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Severe malaria presents with significant complications, including acute renal failure and hemolytic anemia.
  • Distinguishing the pathogenetic mechanisms of kidney injury in malaria is crucial for effective management.
  • Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malaria are common causative agents of malaria with varying clinical presentations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the pathogenetic mechanisms of acute kidney injury in severe malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malaria.
  • To analyze clinical features and laboratory findings associated with renal complications in two distinct malaria cases.
  • To elucidate the role of different Plasmodium species in the severity and type of kidney damage.

Main Methods:

  • Case report analysis of two patients with severe malaria.
  • Detailed clinical and laboratory data review, including hematology, renal function, and urinalysis.
  • Pathogenetic interpretation based on clinical presentation, laboratory results, and known mechanisms of malaria-associated kidney injury.

Main Results:

  • Patient 1 (Plasmodium falciparum) developed acute tubular necrosis due to hemoglobinuria, anemia, and thrombocytopenia.
  • Patient 2 (Plasmodium malaria) exhibited immune-mediated kidney injury (interstitial nephritis or glomerulonephritis) with leukocytosis but no hemoglobinuria.
  • Both cases presented with severe malaria, acute renal failure, and hemolytic anemia, but distinct underlying mechanisms were identified.

Conclusions:

  • The pathogenetic mechanisms of acute kidney injury in severe malaria differ based on the Plasmodium species.
  • Plasmodium falciparum malaria appears to cause kidney damage primarily through toxic effects of free hemoglobin.
  • Plasmodium malaria may lead to kidney injury via immune-mediated pathways or hypoperfusion, highlighting species-specific disease manifestations.