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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

23.7K
Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

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Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors
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Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors

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[Genotypic recombination and hepatitis C virus].

F Legrand-Abravanel1, J Izopet1

  • 1Inserm U563, Centre de physiopathologie, Toulouse-Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, CHU, Hôpital Purpan, Laboratoire de virologie, Institut fédératif de biologie, 31300 Toulouse-Purpan.

Virologie (Montrouge, France)
|September 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) recombination, where different strains mix, may be more common than previously thought. Researchers are investigating its prevalence and impact on HCV epidemiology and disease.

Keywords:
Hepatitis C virusIntragenotypic or intergenotypic recombinationReplicative or non replicative recombination

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors
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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology

Context:

  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a genetically diverse RNA virus within the Flaviviridae family.
  • Recombinant viruses are known within the Flaviviridae family, including HCV.
  • Six genotypes of HCV are currently classified.

Purpose:

  • To review the current understanding of Hepatitis C virus recombination.
  • To highlight the limited characterization of in vivo recombinant HCV strains.
  • To discuss the potential underestimation of recombination prevalence and its unknown impact.

Summary:

  • The first intergenotypic recombinant HCV (2k/1b) was identified in 2002.
  • Most characterized recombinant strains show crossover points at the NS2-NS3 junction.
  • The phenomenon of HCV recombination may be rare or underestimated due to lack of routine detection.

Impact:

  • Recombination's role in HCV epidemiology requires further investigation.
  • The impact of recombination on HCV pathogenesis is currently unknown.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the clinical and epidemiological significance of HCV recombination.