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Phase Changes

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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
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Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...

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Updated: Aug 28, 2025

An Available Technique for Preparation of New Cast MnCuNiFeZnAl Alloy with Superior Damping Capacity and High Service Temperature

An Available Technique for Preparation of New Cast MnCuNiFeZnAl Alloy with Superior Damping Capacity and High Service Temperature

Published on: September 23, 2018

Ductile cooling phase change material.

Pratahdeep Gogoi¹, Zheng Li^1,2, Zipeng Guo³

¹Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Research and Education in Energy Environment & Water Institute, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York Buffalo New York 14260 USA shenren@buffalo.edu.

Nanoscale Advances

|September 22, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new ductile hydrogel composite for eco-friendly personal cooling. This material offers over six hours of cooling comfort and retains its shape after significant stretching.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Sustainable Energy
Biocompatible Polymers

Background:

Cooling systems consume significant energy, necessitating sustainable alternatives.
There is a need for eco-friendly, biocompatible, and ductile materials for personal cooling applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate the ductile cooling capability of phase-change hydrogel composites.
To explore the potential of additive manufacturing for creating these cooling materials.
To evaluate the thermal performance and mechanical properties of the developed hydrogel composite.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of thermally passivated hydrogel composite materials using additive manufacturing.
Thermal evaluation to assess cold retention capacity and cooling duration.
Uniaxial compression tests to determine material ductility and recovery properties.
Steady-state thermal analysis using a three-layered rectangular model to simulate cooling effects.

Main Results:

The hydrogel composite exhibited superior cold retention, providing cooling comfort for over 6 hours.
The material demonstrated remarkable ductility, with full recovery after up to 80% strain in compression tests.
The observed mechanical properties are attributed to the interplay of covalent and ionic bonds within the composite structure.

Conclusions:

Hydrogel composites show significant potential as effective phase-change cooling media.
The developed material offers a promising solution for ductile cooling applications, contributing to energy-efficient personal comfort.
Additive manufacturing enables the scalable production of these advanced cooling materials.