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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding
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Shaping graphene with optical forging: from a single blister to complex 3D structures.

Kamila K Mentel1, Jyrki Manninen2, Vesa-Matti Hiltunen2

  • 1Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä Finland mika.j.pettersson@jyu.fi.

Nanoscale Advances
|September 22, 2022
PubMed
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Optical forging precisely shapes 3D graphene surfaces by introducing controlled defects. This laser-based method creates complex patterns for advanced nanodevices without damaging the substrate.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Laser Physics

Background:

  • Graphene's properties, like conductivity and rigidity, are tunable via lattice modifications.
  • Local strain and defects offer precise control over graphene's physical characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for creating complex 3D graphene patterns using direct laser writing.
  • To investigate the mechanism of defect-induced bulging and control topography.
  • To establish the feasibility of optical forging for nanodevice fabrication.

Main Methods:

  • Optical forging, a direct laser writing technique, was employed under an inert atmosphere.
  • Low peak fluences were used to modify graphene without ablation or substrate deformation.
  • Micromachining theory was applied to determine the single-pulse modification threshold fluence.

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Main Results:

  • Complex 3D patterns of single-layer graphene were successfully produced.
  • Defect-induced lattice expansion caused graphene to bulge out of the plane.
  • The single-pulse modification threshold fluence was determined to be 8.3 mJ cm⁻².
  • Tunable topographies of optically forged blisters were achieved.
  • A geometric rule for predicting complex pattern shapes from overlapping exposures was identified.

Conclusions:

  • Optical forging is a viable method for creating 3D graphene structures with tunable properties.
  • The technique allows for precise, diffraction-unlimited pattern writing for nanodevice applications.
  • Optically forged blisters serve as fundamental units for constructing intricate nanostructures.