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Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

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Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
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Solvents01:12

Solvents

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Intermolecular Forces in Solutions02:28

Intermolecular Forces in Solutions

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The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external source.
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The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ...
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Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions
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Water distribution at the electrified interface of deep eutectic solvents.

Mesfin Haile Mamme1,2, Samuel L C Moors2, El Amine Mernissi Cherigui1

  • 1Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF) Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium mmamme@vub.be mesfin.mekdi@gmail.com jon.ustarroz@vub.be.

Nanoscale Advances
|September 22, 2022
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Summary

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are promising for electrochemistry but contain water. This study reveals how water distributes at electrified graphene interfaces, showing it adsorbs preferentially to positive electrodes or both electrodes depending on charge.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) offer a wider potential window and high electrochemical stability compared to water.
  • The inherent hygroscopic nature of DESs leads to unavoidable residual water, impacting their electrochemical performance.
  • Understanding water's behavior at electrified interfaces is crucial for optimizing DES applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interfacial structure and water distribution in choline chloride-urea DES (Reline) at an electrified graphene interface.
  • To explore the electrosorption and distribution of varying water concentrations within the DES.
  • To elucidate the influence of electrode electrification on water behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations were employed.
  • The study focused on the Reline (1:2 choline chloride-urea) DES at a graphene electrode interface.
  • Simulations analyzed systems with different amounts of residual water.

Main Results:

  • Water distribution and interfacial structure are sensitive to the graphene electrode's electrification.
  • For moderately charged electrodes, water exhibits preferential asymmetric adsorption near the positively charged electrode via hydrogen bonding with anions.
  • At highly charged electrodes, water adsorbs to both electrodes due to enhanced electrostatic interactions with water dipoles.

Conclusions:

  • Electrode charge significantly dictates water's interfacial behavior in DESs.
  • Hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions govern water's distribution and electrosorption.
  • These findings are vital for designing and utilizing DES-based electrochemical systems effectively.