A Review of the Recent Monkeypox Outbreak in 2022

Area of Science:

• Virology
• Epidemiology
• Public Health

Background:

• The monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a zoonotic double-stranded DNA virus endemic to Africa.
• Global outbreaks, including the 2022 event, are linked to decreased smallpox vaccination and increased human-to-human transmission.
• Coinciding with the COVID-19 pandemic, MPXV outbreaks raise concerns about potential new pandemics.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive review of monkeypox virus.
• To detail the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and transmission routes of MPXV.
• To outline current and effective management and prevention strategies.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of monkeypox epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management.
• Analysis of transmission dynamics, including zoonotic and human-to-human pathways.
• Synthesis of current treatment options and preventative measures.

Main Results:

• MPXV is transmitted via close contact with respiratory secretions, skin lesions, or contaminated items.
• Clinical presentation includes prodromal symptoms (fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy) followed by a characteristic rash.
• Complications can include secondary infections, pneumonitis, ocular issues, and encephalitis, with higher risk in MSM and HIV patients.

Conclusions:

• Early diagnosis via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is crucial.
• Management is primarily supportive, with tecovirimat available for severe cases.
• Understanding MPXV epidemiology and transmission is vital for effective control and prevention efforts.