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Online closed-loop real-time tES-fMRI for brain modulation: A technical report.

Beni Mulyana^1,2, Aki Tsuchiyagaito¹, Masaya Misaki¹

¹Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.

Brain and Behavior

|September 22, 2022

Summary

This study introduces a closed-loop transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) with functional MRI (fMRI) protocol to optimize brain stimulation parameters. This method enhances frontoparietal connectivity and working memory by personalizing tES settings.

Keywords:

closed-loop executive control network fMRI frontoparietal network optimization precision medicine tES

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Neuroimaging
Brain Stimulation

Background:

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) can be combined with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
Concurrent tES-fMRI offers insights into brain activity and connectivity, potentially guiding psychiatric and neurologic treatments.
Optimizing tES parameters like frequency, phase, intensity, and montage is crucial but varies individually.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and detail a protocol for closed-loop tES-fMRI.
To optimize transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) frequency and phase difference for individual participants targeting frontal and parietal regions.
To enhance frontoparietal connectivity and working memory performance using optimized tACS within a closed-loop tES-fMRI framework.

Main Methods:

Developed a closed-loop tES-fMRI protocol addressing safety, fMRI artifact reduction, online effect evaluation, and parameter optimization.
Detailed technical aspects including electrode types, electrolytes, montages, hardware, online fMRI processing, and optimization algorithms.
Implemented and validated the protocol through a pilot experiment.

Main Results:

Successfully implemented a closed-loop tES-fMRI protocol for optimizing tACS parameters.
The protocol was confirmed to be functional and effective in a pilot study.
Demonstrated the feasibility of online optimization of tES parameters during fMRI.

Conclusions:

The proposed closed-loop tES-fMRI protocol enables personalized optimization of brain stimulation.
This approach holds promise for enhancing brain connectivity and cognitive functions like working memory.
The methodology provides a robust framework for future research in neuromodulation and its clinical applications.