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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Correlations between structure, microstructure and ionic conductivity in (Gd,Sm)-doped ceria.

Cristina Artini1,2, Massimo Viviani3, Sabrina Presto3

  • 1DCCI, Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy. artini@chimica.unige.it.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|September 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Double doping ceria with gadolinium and samarium enhances ionic conductivity for solid oxide cells. This dual doping expands the conductive region and lowers activation energy at high temperatures.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Ceria-based materials are promising electrolytes for solid oxide cells due to their ionic conductivity.
  • Understanding the relationship between defect chemistry and oxygen vacancy movement is crucial for optimizing ceria electrolytes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural, microstructural, Raman, and ionic conductivity properties of (Gd,Sm)-doped ceria.
  • To compare these properties with singly-doped ceria systems to understand the effects of multiple doping.
  • To elucidate the correlations between defect chemistry and oxygen vacancy dynamics in doped ceria.

Main Methods:

  • Structural analysis
  • Microstructural characterization
  • Raman spectroscopy
  • Ionic conductivity measurements

Main Results:

  • Double doping with Gd and Sm enlarges the compositional range for ionic conductivity.
  • Defect clusters (dimers, trimers) form due to the incorporation of smaller doping ions.
  • A double activation energy for ionic conductivity was observed, with a threshold around 770 K.
  • Trimer dissociation above 770 K leads to a lower high-temperature activation energy compared to singly-doped systems.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple doping of ceria with Gd and Sm offers advantages for solid oxide cell electrolytes.
  • Defect cluster formation influences ionic conductivity and activation energy.
  • The observed lower high-temperature activation energy in doubly-doped ceria highlights its potential for improved performance.