Tissues and organ printing: An evolution of technology and materials

Since its beginnings, three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology has been successful because of ongoing advances in operating principles, the range of materials and cost-saving measures. However, the 3DP technological progressions in the biomedical sector have majorly taken place in the last decade after the evolution of novel 3DP systems, generally categorised as bioprinters and biomaterials to provide a replacement, transplantation or regeneration of the damaged organs and tissue constructs of the human body. There is now substantial scientific literature accessible to support the benefits of digital healthcare procedures with the help of bioprinters. It is of the highest significance to know the fundamental principles of the available printers and the compatibility of biomaterials as their feedstock, notwithstanding the huge potential of bioprinting systems to manufacture organs and other human body components. This paper provides a precise and helpful reading of the different categories of bioprinters, suitable biomaterials, numerical simulations and modelling and examples of much acknowledged clinical practices. The paper will also cite the prominent issues that still have not received desired solutions. Overall, the article will be of great use for all the professionals, scholars and engineers concerned with the 3DP, bioprinting and biomaterials.