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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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DNA Microarrays02:34

DNA Microarrays

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Microarrays are high-throughput and relatively inexpensive assays that can be automated to analyze large quantities of data at a time. They are used in genome-wide studies to compare gene or protein expression under two varied conditions, such as healthy and diseased states. Microarrays consist of glass or silica slides on which probe molecules are covalently attached through surface functionalization. Most commonly, the slides are prepared through the chemisorption of silanes to silica...
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RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the...
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Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
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MicroRNA Based Liquid Biopsy: The Experience of the Plasma miRNA Signature Classifier MSC for Lung Cancer Screening
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miRNA in Molecular Diagnostics.

Maja Matulić1, Paula Gršković1, Andreja Petrović1,2

  • 1Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.

Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression. Aberrant miRNA levels are linked to diseases like cancer, making them promising biomarkers for personalized medicine.

Keywords:
diagnosticsmalignant tumorsmiRNAviral infections

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules regulating gene expression post-transcriptionally.
  • Their biogenesis is complex, and they control numerous genes vital for cellular processes.
  • Dysregulated miRNA expression is implicated in diseases, particularly cancers and viral infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review miRNA biogenesis.
  • To summarize the significance of miRNAs in cancer and infectious diseases.
  • To outline current detection methods for miRNA biomarkers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of miRNA biogenesis pathways.
  • Analysis of studies linking miRNA dysregulation to disease pathogenesis.
  • Compilation of existing and emerging miRNA detection techniques.

Main Results:

  • MiRNAs play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis; aberrant expression contributes to disease.
  • MiRNAs are associated with specific disease states and can be detected non-invasively.
  • Potential for miRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in personalized medicine.

Conclusions:

  • MiRNAs are essential regulators with significant roles in cancer and infectious diseases.
  • Their detection is feasible using standard clinical laboratory methods.
  • MiRNAs hold great promise as biomarkers for personalized therapeutic strategies.