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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Spongy Bone01:09

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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

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Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
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Gross Anatomy of Bone01:17

Gross Anatomy of Bone

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The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in...
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Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Author Spotlight: An Economic and Efficient Method for Quantitative Evaluation of Bone Microarchitecture in a Murine Osteoporosis Model
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Cortex or cancellous-which is early for the decrease of bone content for vertebral body in health?

Lin Bai1, Jujia Li1, Congcong Ren1

  • 1Department of Radiology, Hebei Province Biomechanical Key Laboratory of Orthopedics, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China.

Endocrine
|September 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vertebral bone loss occurs with age, with cortical bone changes in women appearing earlier and faster than cancellous bone changes, particularly post-menopause.

Keywords:
BMDCancellousCortexHealthQCTVertebral body

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Bone Health
  • Radiology and Imaging
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Age-related bone loss affects vertebral integrity.
  • Understanding cortical and cancellous bone changes is crucial for assessing fracture risk.
  • Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT) offers precise bone density measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine vertebral cortex and cancellous parameters in healthy individuals using QCT.
  • To investigate the differential rates of bone loss between cortical and cancellous vertebral bone with aging.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized QCT on 733 subjects to assess bone mineral density (BMD) of the T12-L2 vertebral bodies.
  • Measured vertebral cortex and cancellous mass and area at the L2 vertebral body.
  • Analyzed age- and sex-related differences in bone parameters.

Main Results:

  • Volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) of the T12-L2 vertebral body decreased with age.
  • In females, cortical mass and area decreased with age, while cancellous mass and area showed varied patterns peaking in middle age.
  • Cortical bone parameters in females exhibited significant differences between menopausal and non-menopausal groups, unlike cancellous mass.

Conclusions:

  • Vertebral bone density and content change differently with age in both cortical and cancellous compartments.
  • Cortical bone in females may experience earlier and more rapid age-related changes than cancellous bone, especially after menopause.