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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Infection01:20

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
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Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 28, 2025

A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness
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A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness

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Age-dependent virulence of human pathogens.

Gabriele Sorci1, Bruno Faivre1

  • 1Biogéosciences, UMR 6282 CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.

Plos Pathogens
|September 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Host age significantly impacts infectious disease mortality. While case fatality rates (CFR) initially decrease, they steeply rise in older adults, particularly for diseases with long-lasting symptoms.

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Host age is a recognized factor influencing disease severity and outcomes.
  • The relationship between host age and infection-induced mortality can vary based on pathogen characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if age consistently correlates with increased case fatality rate (CFR) across various infectious diseases.
  • To investigate if specific pathogen traits explain elevated CFR in older populations.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a large dataset on age-specific case fatality rates (CFR) for 28 human infectious diseases.
  • Statistical investigation into the association between host age and CFR, considering pathogen characteristics like symptom duration, type (bacterial, viral), and transmission mode.

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A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness
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Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria
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Main Results:

  • CFR generally decreased in early life and then sharply increased in older adults for most infectious diseases.
  • Diseases with prolonged symptoms showed the steepest increase in age-dependent CFR.
  • Bacterial infections and emerging viruses were linked to higher mortality risk in the elderly.

Conclusions:

  • Age is a critical determinant of human infectious disease mortality.
  • The exacerbating effect of age on mortality risk is influenced by pathogen traits, notably the duration of illness.