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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Characterization of Immune Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles and Studying Functional Impact on Cell Environment
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Extracellular Vesicles and the Stress System.

Evanthia A Makrygianni1, George P Chrousos1,2

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Summary

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles released by cells. During stress, these EVs may communicate and spread cellular changes throughout the body.

Keywords:
ExosomesExtracellular vesiclesHypothalamusLocus caeruleusNeuroendocrine cellsNeurogliaNeuronsStress system

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Area of Science:

  • Neurobiology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles released by cells, mediating intercellular communication.
  • Cells within the central nervous system (CNS), including neurons and glia, release EVs that can cross the blood-brain barrier.
  • Neuroendocrine cells, particularly in the hypothalamus, integrate the stress system (SS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in mediating stress responses.
  • To investigate how neural and neuroendocrine cells might utilize EVs for intercellular communication during stress.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on EVs, neuroendocrine systems, and stress response.
  • Analysis of molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in stress-induced changes in the CNS and periphery.
  • Hypothesizing the involvement of EVs in the propagation of stress-related signals.

Main Results:

  • Stress triggers significant cellular and molecular alterations in the CNS and periphery.
  • The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE)/sympathetic nervous system (SNS-SAM) are central to the stress response.
  • Cytokines and glucocorticoids play a role in stress-induced neural plasticity.

Conclusions:

  • Stress induces widespread changes that could be communicated via EVs.
  • Neural and neuroendocrine cell-derived EVs may act as mediators in the stress response.
  • Further research is needed to confirm the role of EVs in stress-induced intercellular communication.