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Related Concept Videos

Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

415
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
415
Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

992
Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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Lateralization01:28

Lateralization

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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
408
Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Language01:16

Language

402
Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
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Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
367

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Adaptive Language Mapping Paradigms for Presurgical Language Mapping.

E Diachek1, V L Morgan2,3,4, S M Wilson5,3,6

  • 1From the Departments of Psychology and Human Development (E.D., S.M.W.).

AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
|September 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New adaptive functional MRI (fMRI) language mapping paradigms offer improved accuracy for neurosurgery patients. These advanced methods provide more reliable brain language maps compared to standard techniques.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is crucial for preoperative language assessment in patients undergoing resective neurosurgery.
  • Current standard language mapping paradigms may not consistently or robustly engage the brain's language network, potentially leading to less accurate functional maps.
  • Adaptive paradigms, which adjust to individual performance, show promise for enhancing language network engagement and map accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of two adaptive fMRI language mapping paradigms against currently recommended standard-of-care paradigms.
  • To evaluate the paradigms' ability to generate lateralized language maps and assess activation extent in key language regions (frontal, temporal, parietal).
  • To determine if adaptive paradigms improve the likelihood of obtaining satisfactory language maps for individual patients.

Main Methods:

  • Seventy-three patients undergoing fMRI for language assessment participated in the study.
  • Participants completed two adaptive paradigms (semantic matching, phonological judgment) and two standard paradigms (sentence completion, word generation).
  • Paradigms were compared based on language lateralization, activation extent in frontal, temporal, and parietal regions, and overall map quality.

Main Results:

  • The adaptive semantic matching paradigm produced the most strongly lateralized language maps and the greatest extent of frontal and temporal activation.
  • A higher proportion of satisfactory language maps were achieved using the adaptive semantic paradigm.
  • The adaptive phonological judgment paradigm uniquely identified anterior inferior parietal phonological encoding regions in most patients.

Conclusions:

  • The investigated adaptive language mapping paradigms demonstrate significant psychometric advantages over current standard methods.
  • Implementing these adaptive paradigms can enhance the reliability and accuracy of preoperative language mapping.
  • Wider adoption of adaptive fMRI paradigms is recommended to improve the success rate of obtaining clinically useful language maps for individual neurosurgical candidates.