Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin...

Assessment of the Mouth

Assessment of the Mouth

A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.

Tooth Anatomy

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or...

Oral Cavity

Oral Cavity

The oral cavity, or the mouth, is a complex structure in humans that plays a vital role in our day-to-day lives. Its role is not only in chewing and swallowing food; it also plays a role in speech and facial expressions.
Teeth: The teeth are the hardest structures in our bodies. Humans have two sets of teeth throughout their lifetime: deciduous (baby) teeth and permanent teeth. Each tooth consists of several parts: the crown (visible part), the root (embedded in the jaw), enamel (hard outer...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Resveratrol in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Preclinical Evidence and Translational Opportunities.

Oncology research·2026

Same author

Xenobiotic Sulforaphane in Head and Neck Cancer: Beyond the Nrf2 Pathway.

Journal of xenobiotics·2026

Same author

Minimally Invasive (MINST) Versus Conventional Non-Surgical Therapy for Residual Pockets in Patients With Periodontitis: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Journal of periodontal research·2026

Same author

Orthodontists' Perceptions, Attitudes, and Adoption of Artificial Intelligence: A Scoping Review.

Dentistry journal·2026

Same author

The Association of Periodontitis with Circadian Rhythm Disorders and Sleep-A Scoping Review.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)·2026

Same author

Quality and Readability of Large Language Models' Responses to Oral Lichen Planus Patients' FAQs.

Oral diseases·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children

Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children

Published on: December 31, 2017

Oral Microbiota Changes during Orthodontic Treatment.

Simona Santonocito¹, Alessandro Polizzi¹

¹Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy.

Frontiers in Bioscience (Elite Edition)

|September 22, 2022

Summary

Orthodontic appliances disrupt oral hygiene, leading to harmful changes in oral bacteria. This can cause dental issues like cavities and gum disease, but practical strategies can help mitigate these risks.

Keywords:

aligners caries gingivitis oral microbiome orthodontic fixed appliances orthodontic removable appliances orthodontic treatment periodontitis white spot lesions

More Related Videos

Oral Biofilm Analysis of Palatal Expanders by Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

Oral Biofilm Analysis of Palatal Expanders by Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

Published on: October 20, 2011

Assessing the Viability of a Synthetic Bacterial Consortium on the In Vitro Gut Host-microbe Interface

Assessing the Viability of a Synthetic Bacterial Consortium on the In Vitro Gut Host-microbe Interface

Published on: July 4, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children

Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children

Published on: December 31, 2017

Oral Biofilm Analysis of Palatal Expanders by Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

Oral Biofilm Analysis of Palatal Expanders by Fluorescence In-Situ Hybridization and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

Published on: October 20, 2011

Assessing the Viability of a Synthetic Bacterial Consortium on the In Vitro Gut Host-microbe Interface

Assessing the Viability of a Synthetic Bacterial Consortium on the In Vitro Gut Host-microbe Interface

Published on: July 4, 2018

Area of Science:

Oral Microbiology
Orthodontics
Periodontology

Background:

Orthodontic treatment is popular for aesthetic and functional benefits.
Appliances impede effective tooth brushing, promoting dental plaque accumulation.
This alters oral microbiota, increasing risks of gingivitis, periodontitis, caries, and halitosis.

Discussion:

Fixed, removable, and clear aligner orthodontic appliances differentially impact oral biofilm formation.
Changes in oral microbiota composition are linked to increased periodontopathogenic and cariogenic bacteria.
Adverse effects include gingivitis, periodontitis, white spot lesions (WSL), caries, and halitosis.

Key Insights:

Orthodontic appliances significantly alter the oral microbiome's balance.
Increased plaque accumulation is a primary consequence of appliance use.
Specific bacterial shifts correlate with common orthodontic complications.

Outlook:

Developing targeted strategies to manage oral microbiota during orthodontic treatment is crucial.
Further research into appliance-specific microbial shifts can inform preventive measures.
Effective oral hygiene protocols are essential for minimizing dental complications in orthodontic patients.