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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Aneurysm management involves either conservative medical therapy or surgical intervention, depending on the size and symptoms of the aneurysm. Conservative management is generally reserved for smaller, asymptomatic aneurysms, while larger or symptomatic aneurysms often necessitate surgical repair.Conservative Medical TherapyFor small, asymptomatic aneurysms, particularly abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) less than 5.5 centimeters in diameter, conservative medical therapy is recommended. This...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Giant Non-Functioning Pituitary Adenomas: Treatment Considerations.

Domenico Solari1, Luigi Maria Cavallo1, Chiara Graziadio2

  • 1Division of Neurosurgery, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.

Brain Sciences
|September 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Giant pituitary adenomas (>4 cm) pose surgical challenges. The endoscopic endonasal approach is preferred, but transcranial surgery is used for extensive intracranial tumors, requiring careful planning.

Keywords:
endocrinologyendoscopic endonasal surgerygiant tumorsneurosurgerypituitary adenomaspituitary/hypothalamusskull base surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Giant pituitary adenomas (>4 cm) are rare, accounting for 5-14% of surgical adenomas.
  • Their size and location present significant surgical challenges, often hindering complete tumor removal.
  • Optimal surgical strategies remain debated, with combined approaches sometimes necessary.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of different surgical approaches for giant pituitary adenomas.
  • To establish a preferred surgical strategy based on tumor characteristics and patient factors.
  • To emphasize the importance of preoperative assessment for treatment planning.

Main Methods:

  • Review of surgical strategies for giant pituitary adenomas, including transcranial and transsphenoidal approaches.
  • Discussion of the role of endoscopic endonasal techniques and extended approaches.
  • Emphasis on patient-specific preoperative evaluation and treatment planning.

Main Results:

  • The endoscopic endonasal approach is favored as the primary strategy.
  • The transcranial approach is recommended for tumors with significant intracranial extension beyond the endoscopic field.
  • Successful management relies on tailored, multi-staged treatment strategies.

Conclusions:

  • The endoscopic endonasal approach offers advantages for many giant pituitary adenomas.
  • Transcranial surgery remains essential for specific complex cases.
  • Personalized preoperative evaluation and treatment planning are crucial for optimal outcomes.