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Updated: Aug 28, 2025

The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy rNAION
Published on: November 20, 2016
Clinical and Mechanistic Review of Amiodarone-Associated Optic Neuropathy
Reece Mitchell1, Joseph Chacko2
1College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
Abstract:
Amiodarone-associated optic neuropathy (AAON) is a complex clinical diagnosis, requiring distinction from non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) due to a shared at-risk patient population. Diagnosis of AAON is complicated by a varied clinical presentation and incomplete pathophysiologic mechanisms. This article reviews pertinent literature for describing and clinically delineating AAON from NAION, as well as newly reported protective mechanisms of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and PI3K/Akt against amiodarone-induced oxidative and apoptotic injury in retinal ganglion and pigment epithelial cells. These studies offer a basis for exploring mechanisms of amiodarone toxicity in the optic nerve.
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