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Copper Poisoning, a Deadly Hazard for Sheep.

Marta Borobia1, Sergio Villanueva-Saz1, Marta Ruiz de Arcaute1

  • 1Animal Pathology Department, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.

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Summary

Sheep are highly susceptible to copper (Cu) intoxication, a fatal disease. Diagnosis and treatment are crucial, especially during the subclinical accumulation phase to prevent severe outcomes like acute haemolysis.

Keywords:
acute copper poisoninganaemiachronic copper poisoningcopper toxicityhepatic copper accumulationlambsheep

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Animal Toxicology

Background:

  • Copper (Cu) is an essential microelement for animals, but sheep are particularly vulnerable to Cu intoxication.
  • This condition can be fatal and is reported globally, with higher risks in specific breeds and intensively managed sheep.
  • Two forms exist: chronic (CCP) involving liver accumulation and acute from toxic exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of copper intoxication in sheep.
  • To highlight the susceptibility of sheep and risk factors associated with copper poisoning.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical, pathological, and toxicological findings for diagnosis.
  • Discussion of therapeutic strategies including chelating agents and antagonists.

Main Results:

  • Chronic Cu poisoning (CCP) involves a subclinical liver accumulation phase, exacerbated by low intake of Cu antagonists (molybdenum, sulphur, iron, zinc).
  • Sudden Cu release causes acute haemolysis, anaemia, jaundice, and rapid death.
  • Acute poisoning results from accidental toxic doses, leading to severe gastroenteritis or collapse post-parenteral administration.

Conclusions:

  • Diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical signs, history, and laboratory findings.
  • Treatment is most effective during the Cu accumulation phase; success is poor in severely affected animals.
  • Preventative and therapeutic strategies involve managing Cu intake and utilizing chelating agents or antagonists.