Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

2.3K
Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
2.3K
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

1.9K
Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
1.9K
Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

2.0K
Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial...
2.0K
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

2.0K
Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
2.0K
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

4.3K
The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
4.3K
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

3.3K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
3.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Comment on "Mediterranean Diet Adherence Is Associated With Reduced Liver Fibrosis Risk in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease".

Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology·2026
Same author

Comparison of immunity-boosting regimens for COVID-19 upon initiation of immunosuppressive therapy (CIRCUIT): study protocol for a randomised, controlled clinical trial.

BMJ open·2026
Same author

C3d Complement Activation and Antibody Immunity in Convalescent COVID-19: Insights From Adults and Children.

Journal of immunology research·2026
Same author

Prognostic Role of Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure in Acute Variceal Bleeding: A Multicenter Retrospective Study in Australia.

Gut and liver·2026
Same author

The diagnosis and management of portal hypertension in cirrhosis: The Gastroenterological Society of Australia consensus.

Hepatology communications·2026
Same author

Australian best practice recommendations for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in portal hypertension: a consensus statement.

Hepatology international·2026
Same journal

RETRACTED: Bakshi et al. Crocin Inhibits Angiogenesis and Metastasis in Colon Cancer via TNF-α/NF-kB/VEGF Pathways. <i>Cells</i> 2022, <i>11</i>, 1502.

Cells·2026
Same journal

Correction: Verde et al. Molecular Mechanisms of Protein Aggregation in ALS-FTD: Focus on TDP-43 and Cellular Protective Responses. <i>Cells</i> 2025, <i>14</i>, 680.

Cells·2026
Same journal

Inflammation in Cardiomyopathies: Cellular Mechanisms Across Cardiac Phenotype.

Cells·2026
Same journal

IL-4/IL-13-Driven Dysregulation of Epidermal Lipid Metabolism in Atopic Dermatitis: An Immunometabolic Link Between Type 2 Inflammation and Barrier Dysfunction.

Cells·2026
Same journal

Activity of DNA- and RNA-Guided Prokaryotic Argonautes in Human Mitochondria.

Cells·2026
Same journal

Placental Pathophysiology in Maternal Psychoactive Substance Use: Biological, Clinical, and Forensic Perspectives.

Cells·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program
11:00

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program

Published on: December 16, 2016

7.3K

Reprogramming-Evolving Path to Functional Surrogate β-Cells.

Eric Kalo1, Scott Read1,2,3, Golo Ahlenstiel1,2,3

  • 1Blacktown Clinical School and Research Centre, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Blacktown, NSW 2148, Australia.

Cells
|September 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists are exploring new ways to create insulin-producing beta-cells for diabetes cell therapy. This review covers reprogramming methods using small molecules and transcription factors to generate functional beta-cells.

Keywords:
cell sourcesdiabetes mellitusinsulinreprogrammingβ-cell

More Related Videos

Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice
07:25

Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice

Published on: September 25, 2019

6.9K
Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood
09:29

Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

Published on: February 1, 2013

18.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program
11:00

Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program

Published on: December 16, 2016

7.3K
Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice
07:25

Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice

Published on: September 25, 2019

6.9K
Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood
09:29

Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

Published on: February 1, 2013

18.6K

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Cell therapy for diabetes relies on replenishing functional beta-cell mass.
  • Islet transplantation established the proof-of-concept for beta-cell replacement therapy.
  • Various cell sources exhibit plasticity, enabling differentiation into insulin-secreting cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging reprogramming pathways for generating functional beta-cells.
  • To highlight small molecules and transcriptional regulators involved in cell conversion.
  • To discuss the maintenance of engineered insulin-producing cells.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of reprogramming strategies for beta-cell generation.
  • Focus on small molecule-driven differentiation.
  • Analysis of key transcriptional regulators in cell fate determination.

Main Results:

  • Identification of promising cell sources with differentiation potential.
  • Overview of small molecules that induce beta-cell phenotype.
  • Characterization of transcription factors crucial for beta-cell function and survival.

Conclusions:

  • Reprogramming offers a viable strategy for generating beta-cells for diabetes therapy.
  • Small molecules and transcription factors are key drivers of successful cell conversion.
  • Further research is needed to optimize the maintenance and function of engineered beta-cells.