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Microtubules in Signaling

Microtubules in Signaling

The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...

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Updated: Aug 28, 2025

2D and 3D Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Models to Dissect Primary Cilium Involvement during Neocortical Development

2D and 3D Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Models to Dissect Primary Cilium Involvement during Neocortical Development

Published on: March 25, 2022

Primary Cilia Influence Progenitor Function during Cortical Development.

Donia Zaidi^1,2,3, Kaviya Chinnappa^1,2,3, Fiona Francis^1,2,3

¹INSERM UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France.

|September 23, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Primary cilia on apical radial glia (aRG) are vital for brain development. Defects in these structures disrupt aRG function, leading to cortical malformations.

Keywords:

cortical development cortical malformations neuronal progenitors primary cilia

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Biology
Cell Biology

Background:

Corticogenesis, the development of the cerebral cortex, is a complex process regulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
Disruptions in corticogenesis can result in severe cortical malformations.
Apical radial glia (aRG) are crucial neuronal progenitors that self-amplify and generate other progenitor types.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the role of primary cilia in apical radial glia (aRG) function during cortical development.
To explore how primary cilia defects impact aRG and lead to cortical malformations.
To catalog ciliary mutant models and discuss their implications for understanding aRG function.

Main Methods:

Literature review focusing on primary cilia in aRG during development.
Analysis of ciliary mutant models relevant to cortical development.
Discussion of the molecular mechanisms linking primary cilia to aRG functions.

Main Results:

Primary cilia on aRG are essential for sensing embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF) cues.
These cilia influence aRG cell shape, proliferation, and differentiation.
Defects in primary cilia, often linked to centrosome dysfunction, impair aRG function and cause cortical malformations.

Conclusions:

Primary cilia are critical for normal aRG function and overall cortical development.
Understanding primary cilia's role is key to addressing developmental cortical malformations.
Ciliary mutant models provide valuable insights into these processes.