Therapeutic Adenovirus Vaccine Combined Immunization with IL-12 Induces Potent CD8⁺ T Cell Anti-Tumor Immunity in...

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the cancers with the highest morbidity and mortality in the world. However, clinical progress in the treatment of HCC has not shown a satisfactory therapeutic effect. Here, we have developed a novel strategy to treat HCC with an adenovirus (Ad)-based vaccine, which contains a specific antigen glypican-3 (GPC3) and an immunostimulatory cytokine IL-12. In the subcutaneous tumor model, Ad-IL-12/GPC3 vaccine was injected into muscles three times to evaluate its therapeutic effect. Compared with the control immunization group, the Ad-IL-12/GPC3 immunization group showed a significant tumor growth inhibition effect, which was confirmed by the reduced tumor volume and the increased tumor inhibition. Ad-IL-12/GPC3 co-immunization promoted the induction and maturation of CD11c⁺ or CD8⁺CD11c⁺ DCs and increased the number of tumor-infiltrating CD8⁺ T cells. Furthermore, in the Ad-IL-12/GPC3 group, the proliferation of CD8⁺ T cells, the induction of multifunctional CD8⁺ T cells, and CTL activity were significantly increased. Interestingly, the deletion of CD8⁺ T cells abolished tumor growth inhibition by Ad-IL-12/GPC3 treatment, suggesting that CD8⁺ T cell immune responses were required to eliminate the tumor. Likewise, Ad-IL-12/GPC3 vaccine also effectively inhibited lung tumor growth or metastasis by enhancing CD8⁺ DCs-mediated multifunctional CD8⁺ T cell immune responses in the lung metastasis model. Therefore, these results indicate that IL-12 combined with Ad-GPC3 vaccine co-immunization might provide a promising therapeutic strategy for HCC patients.