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Related Concept Videos

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

3.2K
Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

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Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial...
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Intracellular Hormone Receptors01:08

Intracellular Hormone Receptors

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Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across the plasma and nuclear membrane of target cells to bind to their specific intracellular receptors. These receptors act as transcription factors that regulate gene expression and protein synthesis in the target cell
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Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions01:17

Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions

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Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
Some...
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Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

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Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
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Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:34

Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

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Nuclear encoded mitochondrial precursors are imported to the inner membrane in a multistep process involving two separate translocons, TIM22 and TIM23. TIM23 is a cation-selective pore that remains closed by the N terminal segment of the protein. Negative charges on the TIM23 act as a receptor for the incoming precursor, pulling the positively charged matrix-targeting sequence for peptide insertion and translocation.
Transport of mitochondrial precursors across the TIM23 channel is driven by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners
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Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners

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Designed Multifunctional Peptides for Intracellular Targets.

Davor Juretić1,2

  • 1Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, 21000 Split, Croatia.

Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This review highlights 20 novel bioactive peptides with cell-penetrating abilities. These peptides exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities with low mammalian cell toxicity.

Keywords:
amphipathic peptidesanti-inflammatoryanticancerantimicrobialantiviralcell-penetratingdesignmultifunctionalnon-toxicpenetratins

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Peptide-based Identification of Functional Motifs and their Binding Partners
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Construction of Cyclic Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Enhanced Penetration of Biological Barriers
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Construction of Cyclic Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Enhanced Penetration of Biological Barriers

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Peptide Science
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Nature utilizes bioactive peptides with cooperative, multifunctional roles.
  • Natural cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), like penetratins, serve as models for designing advanced therapeutic agents.
  • Developing CPPs with enhanced intracellular delivery and minimal toxicity is a key challenge in drug development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and evaluate novel peptides with potent cell-penetrating capabilities.
  • To assess peptide candidates for broad-spectrum therapeutic activities including antimicrobial, anticancer, antiviral, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory effects.
  • To rank peptides based on predicted low toxicity to mammalian cells and high efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of known and novel peptides with potential CPP activity.
  • Computational prediction and evaluation of peptide toxicity and functional spectrum.
  • Ranking of peptide candidates based on integrated performance metrics.

Main Results:

  • Identification of 20 top-ranked peptide candidates optimized for cell penetration.
  • These peptides demonstrate predicted efficacy across antimicrobial, anticancer, antiviral, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory applications.
  • Key predicted features include intrinsic disorder and membrane-induced amphipathicity.

Conclusions:

  • Novel, multifunctional peptides with inherent cell-penetrating properties offer promising therapeutic potential.
  • Exploration of wide-spectrum, non-toxic peptide hybrids is crucial for advancing drug delivery and treatment strategies.
  • The identified 20 peptides represent a valuable resource for developing next-generation therapeutics.