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Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Home-Based Monitor for Gait and Activity Analysis
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Aquatic Therapy after Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury: Gait Initiation Analysis Using Inertial Sensors.

Silvia Fantozzi1,2, Davide Borra1, Matteo Cortesi3

  • 1Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
|September 23, 2022
PubMed
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Correction: Grewal et al. Diversity and Representation in Cardiovascular Research: Evidence Gaps, Emerging Models, and Policy Implications. <i>Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health</i> 2026, <i>23</i>, 241.

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This summary is machine-generated.

Gait initiation in incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) patients differs between land and water. Water immersion significantly increases first step duration and reduces trunk accelerations, indicating altered motor control strategies.

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Gait initiation is crucial for mobility, especially in individuals with neurological impairments.
  • Incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) often affects sensory and motor systems, impacting gait.
  • Aquatic therapy shows promise for improving functional capacity in iSCI patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate gait initiation in iSCI patients using wearable inertial sensors.
  • To compare gait initiation parameters between dry-land and aquatic conditions.
  • To understand the influence of water immersion on anticipatory postural adjustments in iSCI.

Main Methods:

  • A protocol using four wearable inertial sensors was employed.
  • Temporal and acceleration-based measures of anticipatory postural adjustments were computed.
Keywords:
anticipatory postural adjustmentfirst stepinertial measurement unit (IMU)water activitywearable sensors

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  • Ten iSCI patients participated, with data collected in both dry-land and aquatic environments.

    • Main Results:

    • Water immersion led to a significant increase in first step duration (1.44 s vs. 0.70 s).
    • Root mean squared accelerations for the upper and lower trunk were reduced in water (0.39 m/s² and 0.41 m/s² vs. 0.72 m/s² and 0.85 m/s²).
    • These changes were observed in both medio-lateral and antero-posterior directions.

    Conclusions:

    • Gait initiation in iSCI patients is modulated by the aquatic environment.
    • Altered trunk accelerations and prolonged step duration suggest different motor control strategies in water.
    • Routine estimation of these parameters can inform therapeutic interventions for iSCI patients in various environments.