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Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Three Different Protocols of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking in Keratoconus: Conventional, Accelerated and Iontophoresis
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The Underlying Relationship between Keratoconus and Down Syndrome.

Theresa Akoto1, Jiemin J Li1, Amy J Estes2,3

  • 1Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|September 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Keratoconus, a corneal disorder, is frequently observed in individuals with Down Syndrome (DS). This review explores the connection between keratoconus and DS, focusing on genetics, corneal thickness, and eye-rubbing, to improve diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords:
Central Corneal Thickness (CCT)Down syndrome (DS)Keratoconus (KC)corneageneticsmouse models

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Genetics
  • Corneal Diseases

Background:

  • Keratoconus (KC) is a progressive corneal disorder causing visual impairment.
  • KC prevalence varies globally and is increasing.
  • A potential link exists between KC and Down Syndrome (DS), with KC incidence in DS patients ranging from 0% to 71%.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between keratoconus and Down Syndrome.
  • To examine genetic factors, central corneal thickness (CCT), and mechanical forces (e.g., eye rubbing) in KC development within DS patients.
  • To discuss diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for KC in DS patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on KC, DS, corneal genetics, CCT, and mechanical corneal stress.
  • Analysis of diagnostic and treatment options for KC.
  • Evaluation of DS mouse models for KC research.

Main Results:

  • The review highlights the significant association between KC and DS.
  • It identifies key factors like genetics, CCT, and eye rubbing in the pathogenesis of KC in DS.
  • Potential diagnostic and treatment avenues are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the KC-DS link is crucial for clinical management.
  • Further research using DS models can enhance knowledge and treatment for KC in DS patients.
  • Improved clinical insights aim to enhance vision and identify therapeutic targets for KC in DS.