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Plasmids01:28

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Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria, archaea, and some eukaryotic microbes like yeast. These small, circular DNA structures typically contain fewer than 30 genes, although some may exist linearly. Plasmids vary in their number within a cell, known as copy number. Single-copy plasmids are present in one copy per cell and multi-copy plasmids are present in multiple copies, reaching over 100 copies per cell.Plasmids usually replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA...
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Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that enables coordinated gene expression in response to changes in population density. This facilitates collective behaviors that enhance survival, resource acquisition, and ecological adaptation. This process relies on small signaling molecules called autoinducers that accumulate as bacterial populations grow. When a critical threshold concentration of autoinducers is reached, bacterial cells collectively modify gene expression,...
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Development of Antibiotic Resistance01:30

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Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
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Updated: Aug 28, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Antibiotic Resistance Research Using an Efflux&#45;Deficient Bacterial Strain and a Single&#45;Copy Gene Expression System
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Plasmids as Key Players in Acinetobacter Adaptation.

Olga Maslova1, Sofia Mindlin1, Alexey Beletsky2

  • 1Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", 123182 Moscow, Russia.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|September 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Acinetobacter adaptability is driven by plasmids, which vary in structure and genes based on lifestyle. These plasmids, especially in modern strains, contain antibiotic resistance genes, aiding survival in diverse environments.

Keywords:
accessory regionantibiotic resistanceheavy metals resistanceplasmid backbonerecombination

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Acinetobacter species are significant opportunistic pathogens.
  • Understanding bacterial adaptability is crucial for clinical and environmental management.
  • Genomic analysis provides insights into bacterial evolution and adaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of Acinetobacter adaptability.
  • To compare genomes of free-living and clinical Acinetobacter strains.
  • To elucidate the role of plasmids in bacterial adaptation.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomic analysis of Acinetobacter strains (A. lwoffii, A. baumannii).
  • Analysis of plasmid structure and gene content.
  • Review of existing data on bacterial adaptability mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Plasmids play a critical role in Acinetobacter adaptability to diverse environments and clinical settings.
  • Plasmid structure and gene composition vary significantly based on bacterial lifestyle.
  • Modern Acinetobacter strains show enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes on plasmids.
  • Genes for heavy metal and arsenic resistance are comparable across ancient and modern strains.

Conclusions:

  • Acinetobacter plasmids are key determinants of bacterial survival under various stresses.
  • Plasmid-mediated horizontal gene transfer contributes to Acinetobacter adaptability.
  • Genomic plasticity of plasmids facilitates adaptation to environmental and clinical challenges.