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How to Measure Cortical Folding from MR Images: a Step-by-Step Tutorial to Compute Local Gyrification Index

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Measures of Corticalization.

Marcin Kozakiewicz¹

¹Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, 113 Żeromskiego Str., 90-549 Lodz, Poland.

Journal of Clinical Medicine

|September 23, 2022

Summary

New indices, Corticalization Index versions 1 and 2 (CI v.1, CI v.2), effectively detect bone remodeling around dental implants. These measures are superior to the bone index (BI) for assessing peri-implant bone changes.

Keywords:

bone remodeling corticalization dental implants functional loading intra-oral radiographs long-term results long-term success peri-implant bone radiomics texture analysis

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Area of Science:

Dental Implantology
Biomedical Imaging
Bone Remodeling

Background:

Dental implant success depends on stable peri-implant bone.
Implant loading can lead to bone remodeling, specifically trabecular bone corticalization.
Existing measures like bone index (BI) may not fully capture these changes.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate bone index (BI) in areas of bone loss around implants.
To develop and propose novel indices for detecting corticalization in living bone.
To compare the efficacy of various corticalization measures.

Main Methods:

Analysis of eight corticalization measures: mean optical density, entropy, differential entropy, long-run emphasis moment, BI, CI v.1, CI v.2, and CF.
Study conducted on 40 cortical bone, 40 cancellous bone, and 40 soft tissue standardized intraoral radiograph samples.
Statistical analysis to determine the significance of each measure in distinguishing corticalization.

Main Results:

All tested measures significantly distinguished corticalization (p < 0.001).
Corticalization Index versions 1 and 2 (CI v.1, CI v.2) demonstrated selective detection capabilities.
Corticalization factor (CF) or the inverse of BI can indicate peri-implant bone corticalization.

Conclusions:

CI v.1 and CI v.2 are more effective and dedicated measures for detecting peri-implant bone corticalization.
These novel indices allow for clearer clinical deductions regarding bone remodeling around dental implants.
The findings suggest improved diagnostic potential for monitoring dental implant stability.